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How safe are green cleaning products? 4-28-08

JENNIFER MARTINÉ threw a party Thursday night, and her guests brought food, wine -- and empty spray bottles. Using vinegar, baking soda, essential oils and castile soap, they spent the evening making batches of natural household cleaners. Martiné, 28, is one of more than 100 women who've signed up to host so-called green cleaning parties across the country this spring, part of a nationwide campaign led by Women’s Voices for the Earth, a nonprofit group based in Missoula, Mont.

Martiné's interest in green cleaning stemmed from reading that mopping agents might harm her new puppy -- and coming home one day to find that her husband had passed out while cleaning their unventilated bathroom. He had been using a combination of products and had hit his head as he fell to the floor. He was just coming to when Martiné, a food photographer, returned home to San Francisco.

"It was really scary," she said. Her husband, Tyler, suffered no other problems, but the incident had at least one lasting effect. "I definitely don't buy those strong cleaners anymore," Martiné said.

Like her, a growing number of Americans are seeking so-called green cleaners -- products made with natural, nontoxic, biodegradable ingredients. Few consumers may be going the straight DIY route, but sales of natural cleaning products totaled $105 million during the last 12 months, up 23% over the previous 12 months, according to SPINS, a Schaumburg, Ill.-based market research and consulting firm for the natural products industry.

Such cleaners make a variety of claims. Some promise that they contain natural (instead of synthetic) agents, break down quickly in the environment or pose less of a toxic threat to humans and ecosystems than do traditional cleaners. Others say they're concentrated, packaged in recycled or recyclable materials, have never been tested on animals or are free of specific chemicals, such as petroleum distillates, phthalates, phosphates or CFCs. (Never mind that CFCs, proved to deplete the Earth's ozone layer, have been banned for decades.)

Many of them also typically eschew known asthma triggers, common in many household cleaners, such as chlorine bleach and ammonia. Studies of people who work with cleaning products for a living have indeed suggested a link between conventional cleaners and an increased risk of asthma and skin irritation. So-called green cleaners rely on ingredients such as hydrogen peroxide to kill germs and remove stains, as well as citric acid and alkyl polyglucoside, a coconut-based detergent, to break down grease and dirt.

But critics caution that just because the ingredients in green cleaners are plant-based or natural doesn't necessarily mean they're safe. They too can cause skin irritation or trigger allergic reactions -- and in a large enough dose, any ingredient can be toxic.

And though green cleaners may purport to list all ingredients, the market is largely unregulated -- which means consumers still must be wary of what's in the bottle. Even cleaning products labeled "natural" may contain some fraction of synthetic chemicals. Or they may contain natural ingredients consumers would rather avoid, such as petroleum distillates, some of which (namely, benzene) can cause cancer, and all of which come from oil, a nonrenewable (read: environmentally unfriendly) resource.

"This is not a regulated space," said Matt Kohler, brand manager for Green Works, the brand of green cleaners launched by Clorox in January. "Any fly-by-night company can take a drizzle of lemon oil, pour it over a vat of chemicals and call it a natural cleaner."

Focus on risks to humans

To most shoppers, going green is as much about their own and their family's health as about the health of ecosystems.

It hasn't taken scientific studies to prove that chlorine-based cleaners can irritate the eyes, nose and throat and harm living things. (Chlorine is, after all, employed for its ability to kill germs.) But concern about other ingredients' effects has grown.

In the 1970s, several states, beginning with Illinois, enacted bans on phosphates in laundry detergents. The chemicals, which help produce spot-free glasses and dishes, cause algae to proliferate in lakes, streams, rivers and other bodies of water, eventually depleting the water of oxygen and choking out other marine life. Some states are now passing bans on phosphates in dishwashing detergents too.

In 2006, Wal-Mart announced that it would avoid stocking products that contain nonylphenol ethoxylates, or NPEs. The surfactants, or foaming agents, often found in detergents and other cleaning products, have been found to cause reproductive defects, liver and kidney damage, and death in fish and shellfish. In Canada and the European Union, but not in the U.S., regulations limit the chemicals' use in cleaning products.

A variety of other chemicals are now drawing attention for their potential to harm not just ecosystems but human health too. Environmental activists have singled out such common cleaning ingredients as phthalates, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), glycol ethers, quaternary ammonium compounds and ethanolamines. For most of these chemicals, solid evidence of human health effects is only just emerging.

In the case of phthalates, evidence has been strong enough for lawmakers to take action. The class of chemicals, widely used in the plastics industry to make plastics soft, are added to conventional household cleaners (as well as cosmetics, bath soaps and shampoos) to help the products retain fragrance.

Researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have demonstrated that most Americans have detectable levels of phthalates in their blood and urine, and preliminary findings have linked high bodily levels of phthalates to sperm damage in men and reproductive defects in newborn boys. The evidence persuaded California legislators to ban the chemicals from children's toys, beginning next year.

The health effects of VOCs, volatile gases emitted by many cleaning products (as well as paints, markers, building materials and other products), have also come under scientific scrutiny. The solvents can irritate the nose and throat and cause dizziness, and long-term exposure may have more lasting effects. A handful of well-designed studies suggests a correlation between exposure to VOCs and an increased risk of asthma or other respiratory problems. In one, a study of more than 950 U.S. adults, published in Environmental Health Perspectives in 2006, high blood levels of 1,4-dichlorobenzene, a VOC found in air fresheners and deodorizers, were associated with measurable decreases in lung function.

But other chemicals targeted by environmental advocates -- solvents called glycol ethers, the disinfecting quarternary ammonia compounds and detergents called ethanolamines -- have been shown to pose risks only to people who work with high doses of the chemicals for long periods.

Cleaning for a living

In fact, most of the evidence suggesting that cleaning products may pose harm comes from studies of people who clean for a living.

Researchers at the National University of Singapore published results in the American Journal of Industrial Medicine in 1994 showing that people employed as cleaners had nearly twice the risk of asthma as people in other professions. A study of more than 15,000 working adults in Europe, published in the Lancet in 1999, found a similar increase in asthma risk among professional cleaners. A study by researchers at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, published in the European Respiratory Journal in 2002, found that professional cleaners were 50% more likely to develop asthma than administrative professionals.

Such studies included people who cleaned streets, chimneys and factories -- admittedly dirty, hazardous environments. Professional cleaners working in factories or institutional settings also tend to use industrial cleaners, which are more highly concentrated and stronger acting than household cleaners. Nonetheless, researchers at Barcelona's Municipal Institute of Medical Research have produced evidence suggesting asthma rates are increased among people who clean homes for a living too.

In a paper published in the Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health in 2001, the Barcelona researchers reported that housecleaners were roughly three times as likely to have asthma, compared with office workers. In 2003, they reported that women who had been employed as domestic cleaners were twice as likely to have asthma, compared with ones who had never been employed as cleaners.

In a 2005 report, the researchers showed that frequency and severity of asthma symptoms in housecleaners was directly correlated with how much bleach they used, though they could not rule out whether other chemicals in cleaning products they used contributed to their symptoms.

People who clean for a living are exposed to such a variety of combinations of chemicals (not to mention dust) over such a long period of time that's it's nearly impossible for studies to pinpoint the cause of symptoms -- or to link them to individual chemicals.

That challenge is precisely what has some critics of the cleaning products industry concerned.

Figuring out which chemicals are safe, and at what levels, is a "highly imprecise science," said Arthur Weissman, president and chief executive of Green Seal, an independent organization that certifies environmentally responsible products and has helped Los Angeles County and the state of California draft green purchasing policies. "We just don't know that much about how chemicals act in the environment and in our bodies," he said.

Long-term concerns

The gap in scientific understanding stems from the fact that chemicals included in consumer products are studied for their immediate toxic effects, and they're often studied in isolation. In reality, however, chemicals -- such as those in cleaning products -- are used in a variety of combinations, and people are often exposed to low doses over long periods.

"We're not saying these cleaning products are going to kill you tomorrow," said Alexandra Gorman Scranton, director of science and research for Women's Voices for the Earth. "We're concerned about the long-term and cumulative effects, what happens when you add all these chemicals together over a lifetime."

Others are concerned that even limited evidence of toxicity suggests some chemicals in cleaning products may be particularly dangerous for kids, who spend a lot of time crawling on floors and placing hands and toys in their mouths.

But industry representatives are quick to point out that health problems occur only when cleaning products aren't used or stored properly -- and that the toxicity of any chemical is determined by its dose.

"This stuff isn't meant to be eaten, or drank, in any case," said Brian Sansoni, vice president of communications for the Soap and Detergent Assn.

Still, said Deborah Moore, executive director of the Berkeley-based Green Schools Initiative, "if you have kids, why expose them to a chemical that might be toxic if you don't need to?"

Heeding such consumer concerns, makers of natural cleaning products have swapped out petroleum-based foaming agents for plant-based ones, traded chlorine for hydrogen peroxide and opted for citric acid, tea tree oil and pine oil instead of synthetic disinfectants.

Mrs. Meyer's Clean Day products, for example, contain ingredients derived from corn, sugar cane and coconut in place of synthetic solvents , petroleum distillates, bleach and phosphates. Seventh Generation makes a bathroom cleaner that relies on hydrogen peroxide instead of chlorine for stain removal, and Method's all-purpose cleaner relies on soda ash to break down grease and oil.

No standards set

But just because a cleaning product is biodegradable and made from plant-based sources doesn't mean it's without its own potential adverse effects on health.

"Certainly many natural chemicals are toxic too," Weissman said. Plant-based ingredients included in some green cleaners include limonene (a citrus-based oil that helps prevent residue build-up), pine oil and the foaming agent coconut diethanolamide -- all of which can cause allergic dermatitis.

And in March, a study of natural and nontoxic consumer products, commissioned by the watchdog group Organic Consumers Assn., found the suspected cancer-causing chemical 1,4-dioxane in roughly half of 100 tested products -- including several dishwashing liquids with words such as "Earth friendly" and "eco" in their brand names. The chemical is a byproduct of a process that uses petroleum-based chemicals to make detergents less harsh.

"It's really confusing for consumers to try to understand the claims of these products," said Moore, whose Green Schools Initiative has helped several California schools buy greener cleaning products. "You need a PhD to go to the supermarket and understand the labels on products."

The problem, critics say, is that labeling in the cleaning products industry is highly unregulated. The use of terms such as "green" and "natural" is monitored by the Federal Trade Commission, which aims to ensure that such terms are not misleading to consumers. But neither the commission nor any other agency sets standards that products must meet before they can call themselves green.

" 'Green' and 'natural' are marketing terms -- they're not terms of science," Sansoni said.

Cleaning product manufacturers -- green or otherwise -- are also not required by law to disclose all of their ingredients on their labels. Some green cleaner makers say they have disclosed all ingredients -- but there's no way for consumers to be certain that they have.

Consumer advocates therefore have pressed for stricter labeling rules, but the industry has resisted, arguing that long lists of ingredients would create a potentially hazardous distraction on product labels. "The safety and usage information is the most important information on a product label," Sansoni said. "If you try to turn the label into an encyclopedia, you obscure the most important information on there."

Proponents of greener cleaners, such as Weissman, say that if cleaning products didn't include potentially dangerous ingredients, such warnings wouldn't be necessary.

For now, green cleaning product manufacturers can opt to be certified by a third party, such as Green Seal or the Environmental Protection Agency's Design for the Environment program.

Some say these certifiers don't do enough to protect consumers. "There are different shades of green," said Deirdre Imus, wife of radio jock Don Imus, who has created a line of cleaners. She said that some certifiers will give their approval to products containing chlorine or petroleum-based chemicals, with labels that don't disclose all ingredients.

That pitfall isn't lost on Martiné, who's now cleaning her kitchen sink with a homemade baking soda scrub.

"It worries me that companies are doing the green thing just to make money," she said. "I'm excited to make my own cleaners, because then I'll know exactly what's in them."

Comments:

Easy Substitutions For Healthier Living

These suggestions are listed from most healthy to acceptable. Don’t try to change foods all at once. For instance I changed from regular spaghetti noodles to rice noodles and then months later to spaghetti squash. This way you don’t have any family revolts. If your current selection is not listed, you shouldn’t be using it! It should go without saying get organic if you can. NOTE: USDA organic is not really organic! Make sure your foods are certified by QAI or Oregon Tilth. They are the most reliable. If you have any questions please call 1-800-592-8121

I am often told "eating healthy is to expensive". With adjustments it is the same or less expensive. You save a lot of money not using chemicals to clean. Also Walmart, Sam's and Costco now carry some organic products like Muir Glen and Cascadian Farm. Look around at your favorite stores each time you are there, stock changes almost daily.

Important Note: Consider Whole Foods brands and 356 as last resorts, even if marked organic. They buy alot from China or other places that cannot be marked organic. The value is very poor.

 

Cooking Utensils:

Pots: ceramic (corning ware) , ceramic coated, glass (Pyrex) , cast iron, steel

Food Storage: glass, ceramic

Plates: ceramic, glass

Cups: glass, ceramic

DON’T USE PLASTIC OR STYROFOAM SILVERWARE, CUPS, OR PLATES

Foods:

White Sugar: Stevia, 100% pure Grade B Maple Syrup, Raw Local Honey, Succanat

DO NOT USE ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS: SPLENDA (Sucralose) NUTRASWEET (aspartame) ASULFAME-K etc

Bread: Don’t eat any! Sprouted grain (Ezekiel), rice crackers, gluten free breads, wraps

Pasta: spaghetti squash, You can serve alfredo or spaghetti sauce with extra broccoli! rice noodles

Cereal: Don’t eat it! Make smoothies, eggs, leftovers, Rice based if you must have it

Potatoes: Make Fauxtatoes, sweet potatoes/ yams

Brown Sugar, molasses, Succanat

Soda/Kool-Aid etc..: Fruit flavored tea and stevia, Celestial Seasons instant Tea Zingers, Juice raw fruits like lemons and use stevia or grade b maple syrup. If you must drink Kool-Aid get the new clear kind and sweeten with stevia. Tip: Buy Sparkling water and add 2 packets of Celestial Seasons instant Tea Zingers for a great tasting natural soda or add organic juice concentrate or flavored stevia

Tap Water: distilled, reverse osmosis, filtered

Milk:  raw organic goats or cow milk, almond milk (Don’t drink grain based or soy) rice, Pasteurized organic.

Oil: Coconut, Olive, Safflower, almond, walnut, truffle, sesame Do not use canola or Enova (vegetable oil is soy)

Condiments: Braggs Amino's, organic versions of your favorites, Safflower Mayo (If you can’t make home made olive),

Spices: Fresh Grown Organic, Spike, Organic versions, essential oils, fresh non-organic,

Coffee: Tea, Organic fully caffeinated, Organic Decaf , Fair Trade

Tea: Fresh and Dried organic, bulk organic, Organic, celestial seasonings, Tazo or other natural brand

Juice: Avoid as much as possible unless freshly juiced organic, 100 % organic juice, organic juice concentrate

Cookies: Macaroons, dried fruit, or Gluten Free organic, gluten free, homemade with natural ingredients

Cake: (for special occasions) Namaste mixes, Better yet, make homemade cheesecake using Ezekiel cereal crushed and stevia to sweeten the cheesecake you won't believe how good this is. Organic Mixes, Homemade with natural ingredients

Syrup: grade b Maple syrup, raw local honey, 100% fruit juice sweetened organic jelly, Non GMO jelly, other fruit juice sweetened

Salt: Flour de Sal, Celtic sea salt, sea salt not iodized

Meat: grass fed buffalo; natural buffalo, Free range grass fed organic beef, natural beef, free range organic chicken or turkey, organic chicken, smart chicken, natural chicken, organic lunch meat, Hormel Natural Turkey ( No Pork)

Hot Cocoa: Make your own with Stevia and cocoa powder, or honey or organic mix, natural mix

Starch: Yucca starch, kudzu root, tapioca starch

Baking Powder: Rumford or Featherweight, other aluminum free

Baking Soda: Get aluminum free

Jelly/Jam: 100% fruit juice sweetened organic jelly, Polaner

Canned Fruits or Vegetables: Organic Fresh, organic frozen, organic canned, farmers market

Chips: Fresh veggies, nuts, rice chips, nana banana dehydrated snacks

Nuts: Organic raw walnuts, almonds, pecans, hazel nuts, other organic nuts, natural brands

Seeds: Organic raw flax, sesame, sunflower, pumpkin, lightly toast and Sprinkle with Spike, natural types

 

Body Care:

Toothpaste: Coral White or other all natural fluoride free

Deodorant: Bella Mira Essential Oils, other natural no aluminum or propylene glycol, deodorant (no antiperspirant)

Shampoo: Bella Mira Magnetic, Giovanni Magnetic, Dessert Essence, Answers From Nature,

Conditioner: Bella Mira Magnetic,, Giovanni Magnetic, Dessert Essence, Answers From Nature, other natural check all ingredients

Feminine Products: glad rags or other organic reusable, Natracare, Seventh Generation, Organic, Deodorant Free

Hand Soap Liquid: Castile and FCO add your favorite essential oils,  Mrs. Meyers, other natural check all ingredients, Non Antibacterial Tip: Save Money by using our foaming pump!

Bar Soap:  Blue Cloth,  Dr Bronners,  Natural, Non Antibacterial

Mouthwash: Make your own with 1/3 peroxide, 1/3 water and Peppermint, Cinnamon, Clove, or other Essential Oil

Hairspray: Giovanni, other natural

Facial Wash:  Blue Cloth, Castile, Jason, Other natural,

Moisturizer: Bella Mira, Aged Spot Free, Fractionated Coconut oil, other natural

Toner:  Bella Mira, Add Vial to distilled water and add a few drops of lavender, rose, cherub or your favorite essential oil and mist face after cleaning, rosewater,

Makeup: Larenim, Bare Escentuals (Bare Minerals), Eco Bella, Gabriel,

Hair Dye:  Henna, Naturcolor, Clairol Hydrience, Natural Brands

Shaving Cream: Use Bella Mira Magnetic Moisturizing Conditioner, or other chemical free product

Baby Bottles: Glass with rubber or vinyl (clear) nipples

Diapers: Cloth using laundry ball and peroxide bleach (sun oxy or non toxic green brand) and borax, never use chlorine bleach, seventh generation or other bleach free bio-degradeable disposable.

Baby Wipes: Make your own or seventh generation, other biodegradable perfume free chemical free brand

Baby Formula: breastfeeding, make your own, or organic non- soy or non grain gluten free

Baby Food: Make you own organic, store bought organic, homemade non -organic,

 

Cleaning:

A Good Quality Steamer cleans everything! And Miracle Cloths often clean with just water!

Dish Soap: Seventh Generation, Other Chemical Free or organic

Laundry Soap: Laundry Ball, Organic Excellence, other natural, Quixstar sa8

Softener: You won’t need it with the laundry ball, Seventh Generation, other Natural

Carpet Shampoo: Organic Excellence, Citrasolve, Woolite Oxy

Mopping: Steamer, Organic Excellence, Citrasolve, other natural, Murphy’s oil soap

All Purpose Spray: Miracle Cloths, Organic Excellence, Citraspot, Home made

Window Cleaner: Miracle Cloths, Chem. Free Window Cleaner, Steamer, Vinegar and Water

Disinfectant/ Deodorizing Spray: Vinegar and water (50% each) with 20 drops Purifying, Marauder, Nightingale, or other disinfecting Bella Mira Essential Oil, Natural Brands, Oxy clean,

Bleach: DON’T USE

Mold Cleaner: Baking Soda with vinegar, water and Bella Mira Essential Oils, Woolite Oxyclean Spray